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非謂語動詞：不可單獨做謂語，不受主語的人稱和數(shù)的限制，在句子中可以用作其他句子成分。非謂語動詞有三種：不定式，動名詞，分詞。

 

動詞不定式

一、 不定式的形式            ① 帶to 的不定式     to work  

二、動詞不定式有兩種形式：  

② 不帶to 的不定式    work   

三、時態(tài)和語態(tài)變化

 

	主動語態(tài)	被動語態(tài)
一般式	to write	to be written
進行式	to be writing
完成式	to have written	to have been written

 

四、不定式在句子可做的成分： 主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語

1、不定式做主語：謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)

to stop the work now seems impossible.不可能的

   用 it 來做形式主語，把動詞不定式放到謂語動詞后面。

   it seems impossible to stop the work now.

   形式主語幾種常見的用法：

① it +be+adj+to do (be涵蓋的各個時態(tài)如：is、was、has been、had been、will be、would be)

   it’s easy容易的 to learn學(xué)習(xí) a foreign language.外國語言

   it’s so good / nice to talk to 和---談話you.

②     it + be + n. + to do

it’s our duty 責(zé)任to obey服從the law.法律

it’s a good habit習(xí)慣 to eat slowly.慢慢地

 ③ it+ 動詞（賓語）+ to do.

   it cost花費 a lot of很多 money to build 建筑this museum.博物館

   it amused使發(fā)笑 me to hear these jokes.笑話

④ it takes / took / will take +sb + some time / money to do sth

   it took us a long time to mend修補修理 the house.

   it took me exactly 正好a week to complete完成 the work.

⑤ it be + adj + for sb + to do

                        邏輯主語

   it’s easy for me to operate 操作the machine.機器

不定式做表語：在系動詞be 及半系動詞（seem、appear、look、become等）之后，系動詞多翻譯為“是”。不定式充當(dāng)表語，用于描述主語的性質(zhì)、特征等

   the duties 責(zé)任of a postman 郵遞員are to deliver投遞 letters and newspaper.報紙

    the important thing is to save挽救 lives.

比較： be to do 另一種用法，表示計劃打算做某事。

    we are to meet twice a month.

    he’s to blame. 責(zé)備

①     不定式和主語的關(guān)系，不定式的動作是主語能夠發(fā)出的動作

②     句中表示將來時間的狀語結(jié)構(gòu)，則是將來時態(tài)。

    she is to be married next month,

    the expedition探險隊 is to start in a week’s time.

⑴ 代表詞：attempt企圖、agree同意、aim打算、ask要求、begin開始、continue繼續(xù)、decide決定、demand要求、determine決定、expect期望、forget忘記、hate憎恨、hope希望、learn學(xué)會、like喜歡、love愛、manage設(shè)法、mean想要、offer愿意、plan計劃、pretend假裝、promise許諾、refuse拒絕、remember記得、regret后悔、stop停止、try試圖、want想要、wish希望等

    she started to clean 打掃the kitchen.廚房

    they agreed to settle 解決the dispute爭論 by peaceful means.和平的方式

⑵ 如果不定式做賓語，而且賓語后又有賓語補足語，要用it 作形式賓語，不定式放到補足語后。

    she found it difficult to answer the question.

    he feels it his duty to help others.

⑶ 不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語：（賓語補足語）   主語 + v.動詞 + sb + to do

                                                邏輯 主語

    she encouraged 鼓勵me to try again.

    please remind 提醒me to post郵寄 this letter.

⑷ 有些動詞后接不帶 to 的不定式，也就是動詞原形。

    i heard her lock鎖 the door

    did you see anyone enter 進入the house.

    he made me move移動 the car.

   變被結(jié)構(gòu)時，不定式 + to.

she was heard to lock the door.

⑴ 定語時用來修飾名詞的，放在所修飾名詞的后面。如：reason原因、chance機會、opportunity機會、way方法、need需要、effort努力、wish希望、right權(quán)利、decision決定、determination決定、ability能力、agreement同意等和帶不定式的動詞同源的一些名詞都可以用不定式做定語。

    i haven’t had a chance to think 思考yet.還

    his efforts to get her back were vain(白費的).

    i have a right to know.

    there’s no reason to doubt懷疑 his words.

⑵ 序數(shù)詞如the first、second以及last、only、best也常用于不定式作定語。

    it’s my first time 第一次to go to america.美國

⑶ 如果不定式里的動詞是不及物動詞，后面應(yīng)加上介詞。

    i need a pen to write with.

    give me some paper to write on.

    there are some things to be grateful for.    (be grateful for---    對---心存感激)

不定式做狀語：表示目的、結(jié)果、原因。

⑴ 表目的：we slept together to keep warm.暖和

   表結(jié)果：he left , never to return.返回

   表原因：we jumped with joy高興 to hear it.

⑵ be + adj + to do

   she was eager渴望的 to see her friends.

   he was quick 迅速的to offer 提出his counter-proposal (反對建議).

   ⑶ 也可以和 in order ( 為了---目的) , so as (以便為了) 連用表示強調(diào)狀語。

   i’ll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.

注：不定式的否定結(jié)構(gòu)  not to do // not do.

⑷ 可以和 so / such---as to (如此---以至于) enough to ---（足以---） too---to (太--以至于不能)

   the ice冰 is not thick厚 enough to bear 支持the weight of a tank.坦克

   the tea 茶is too hot熱 to drink.

⑸ 有些不定式可以用來修飾整個句子。

   to be honest, 老實說，i just don’t like him.

   to tell you the truth , 說時候，告訴真相i’ve never met him.

   to be frank, 坦率地說you’re a bad driver.司機

不定式做補語：賓語補足語和表語補足語。

⑴ 作賓語補足語：

① v  +  sb   to do sth

        需要一個補充成分使得賓語的狀態(tài)、行為、特征表達的更為完整和詳細(xì)

   she encouraged me to try again.

   please remind me to post this letter

② for + n.(代) + to do

      是不定式的邏輯主語

   for a child to do that job is just inconceivable(不可思議).

   it’s just inconceivable for a child to do that job.

③ it be + adj+ of +名詞（或代詞）+ to do

   it’s very good of you to come.

⑵作主語補足語：也就是賓語補足語用于被動語態(tài)時，賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓語補足語也就變成主語補足語，動詞不定式都帶“to”.

   he was seen to enter the hall.大廳

   the room was found to be empty.空的

補充不定式可以和疑問詞（如：who、what、which、when、where和how）連用。

   when to start什么時間開始 has not been decided.決定

   i don’t know what to do.做什么