英語中, 通常是主語在謂語動詞的前面, 是“主語+謂語”結構,這叫陳述語序,也稱為正常語序, 如果將謂語的全部或一部分放在主語之前, 就稱為倒裝語序。有的倒裝語序把整個謂語動詞放在主語之前, 稱為完全倒裝,有的只是謂語動詞的一部分(通常是助動詞,情態(tài)動詞,系動詞be或謂語的一部分)放在主語之前, 稱為部分倒裝。復習中考生主要需要了解部分倒裝結構的構成形式。
部分倒裝
1.否定詞或具有(半)否定意義的詞語置于句首作為句首狀語時,一般必須采用部分倒裝語序。具有否定或半否定意義的詞和詞組有:no(不,沒有) , never(從不, 決不), seldom(很少), little(很少的), few(很少的), rarely(很少地), hardly(幾乎不), never before(從不), no longer(不再), no more(不再), not until(直到...才), in no way(決不), in/under no circumstances(決不), in no case(決不), hardly...when(一...就...), scarcely...when/before(一...就...), no sooner...than(一...就...)等,如:
e.g. never before have i seen(看見) such a wonderful(奇妙的) park(公園).
e.g. no sooner had i gone out(出去) than it rained(下雨).我剛出去,就下雨了。
e.g. seldom have i met(遇見) him recently(最近). 最近我很少遇見他。
e.g. under no circumstances will we be the first(第一) to use nuclear weapons(核武器).
“only(僅僅) + 副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句”位于句首,即當句首狀語由only修飾時,需要采用部分倒裝, 如:
e.g. only in beijing have i seen(看見) so beautiful(美麗的) scenery(景色).
e.g. only if/when he is seriously ill(生病的) does he stay in bed.
由so(neither, nor)指代前面一句的內(nèi)容表示“也是(也不)”的意義時,通常位于句首,并引起倒裝, 如:
e.g. tom can’t speak(說,講) french(法語). nor(neither) can jack.
e.g. he has finished(完成) his work, and so have i.
注:當so 引出的句子是對上文的內(nèi)容加以證實或肯定時,不用倒裝, 如:
e.g. “bill will win(贏得) the race(賽跑).”—so he will.
當對as等引導的分句中的形容詞、分詞強調(diào)時,一般采取以下倒裝結構:形容詞/分詞/副詞/+as/ +主語+謂語
e.g. strong as he is, he cannot lift(舉起) the big stone(石頭).
虛擬條件句中如果出現(xiàn)了were, had或should等詞,也引起部分倒裝,但如從句中沒有were, had或should,則不能這樣做。如:
e.g. should he come(來), tell him to ring me up(給某人打電話).
→ if he should come, tell him to ring me up.
e.g.had they not helped(幫助) us, our experiment(實驗) would have failed(失敗).
→ if they had not helped, our experiment would have failed.
職稱英語考題中可能會對倒裝結構進行直接或間接地考察,如:
(選自2003年版職稱英語考試綜合類教材)
from why does food cost so high?
the farmers(農(nóng)民) have not been benefited (使。。。受益)very much. ___________.
a. nor have the middlemen(中間人).
b. to increase the prices for food.
c. that they cannot agree on(對...達成一致意見) the causes of the increase in prices.
d. to agree on the reasons for the increase.
e. by buying prepared food.
f. the popularization(普及) of convenience food.
空格處應該出現(xiàn)一個完整的句子,因此只有選項a是答案(其他選項都不是獨立的句子)。選項a是一個倒裝結構:與前句中的否定結構形成呼應的連詞nor(也不, 也沒有)出現(xiàn)在句首, 句中謂語提到主語的前面形成倒裝。 選項a說“中間人也沒有(獲得很大利潤)”。