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35.在翻譯過程中，如何處理同位語從句?

英語的同位語從句是用以解釋說明前面某一名詞的內(nèi)容的，也就是將這一名詞的含義具體化，其地位和此名詞是同等的。從句常用that或whether來引導(dǎo)。同位語從句常用來說明fact，theory，sense，question，conclusion，news，experience，evidence，proof，condition，law，conjecture，doubt等詞的具體含義。翻譯此類從句時(shí)，一般有兩種處理方法：一種把從句譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，并在其前加即…，這…等詞，或在從句所修飾的名詞之后加冒號(hào)或破折號(hào);二是用的字把從句放在它所修飾的詞之前。如：

經(jīng)典例題163 At the end of last century，an important discovery was made that everything was built partly of electrons.

參考譯文上世紀(jì)末有一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，即一切東西都有一部分是由電子構(gòu)成的。

經(jīng)典例題164 The least we can get from what is mentioned above is the conclusion that the world is in constant change and motion.

參考譯文據(jù)上所述，我們至少可以得出這樣的一個(gè)結(jié)論：世界處于永恒的變化和運(yùn)動(dòng)中。

經(jīng)典例題165 Is this definition quite satisfactory that a thermometer is an instrument for measuring heat and cold?

參考譯文這一定義———溫度計(jì)是測量冷熱的工具———是否完美呢?

經(jīng)典例題166 There is only a remote possibility that many other elements will be found.參考譯文再發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新元素的可能性是不大的。

歷年真題分析

經(jīng)典例題167 And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes，and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.(1993年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是And it is imagined…that…，and that…。這是典型的句型It+is+p.p.(過去分詞)+that clause.It是形式主語，句子真正的主語是兩個(gè)并列的that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，由連詞and連接。operation此處不能譯成操作，根據(jù)上下文應(yīng)譯成活動(dòng)，這里的processes要譯成思維過程，而不能簡單地理解成過程。

參考譯文許多人以為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法與科學(xué)家的思維過程相比，認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。

經(jīng)典例題168 Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.(1994年)結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Whether…or…often depends on…。Whether…or引導(dǎo)了主語從句作句子的主語，financing這里根據(jù)上下文要譯成經(jīng)費(fèi)投入;介詞結(jié)構(gòu)of which is seen as the driving force是賓語the issue的后置定語，of介詞結(jié)構(gòu)中又包含了which引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語從句。

參考譯文政府究竟是以減少對技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來增加對純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)的力量。

經(jīng)典例題169 How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.(1995年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是How…depends on…and on…。句子的主語由how引導(dǎo)的主語從句擔(dān)任;謂語動(dòng)詞詞組depends on后面跟了兩個(gè)由and連接的并列賓語，在第二個(gè)賓語中，介詞with+which引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞the skill and wisdom.

參考譯文這些預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。

經(jīng)典例題170 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(1999年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是There is no agreement whether…or…。主句是There is no agreement，agreement后面緊跟了由whether引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作同位語;在同位語從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞短語refers to跟了兩個(gè)由連詞or連接的并列賓語：A.the concepts peculiar to historical work in general;B.the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.在第一個(gè)賓語中，形容詞詞組peculiar to historical work和介詞詞組in general作后置定語修飾the concepts;在第二個(gè)賓語中同樣有形容詞詞組appropriate to…of historical inquiry作后置定語修飾the research techniques.

參考譯文所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對此意見不一。

經(jīng)典例題171 Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a country‘s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.(2000年)

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Furthermore，it is obvious that…，and that…。這是典型的句型It+is+obvious+that clause.It是形式主語，真正的主語是由連詞and連接的兩個(gè)并列的主語從句：A.that the strength is…bound with…，B.and that this…rests upon the efforts…。第一個(gè)主語從句中的詞組be bound up with是與…有關(guān)聯(lián)之意;在第二個(gè)主語從句中，代詞this指代前文的the efficiency of its agriculture and industry，譯為效率的提高。

參考譯文再者，顯而易見的是一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。熟能生巧

經(jīng)典例題172 What could be a key to jet_lag and winter blues is the hormone melatonin(褪黑激素)，which is known to regulate body rhythms.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是What…is the hormone melatonin which is…。what引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)主語從句，而謂語部分中由which引導(dǎo)了非限制性定語從句修飾hormone melatonin.句中jet_lag是時(shí)差綜合癥，blues不能譯成藍(lán)色，而是憂郁之意。

參考譯文能解除時(shí)差綜合癥和冬季憂郁癥的關(guān)鍵是荷爾蒙褪黑激素，人們知道這種激素能夠調(diào)節(jié)人體節(jié)奏。

經(jīng)典例題173 Data presented by the American Psychiatric Association revealed that psychiatrists engaging solely in psycho_therapeutic interventions earn approximately one_third of what psychiatrists do who evaluate and medicate patients.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Data…revealed that psychiatrists…earn one_third of…。主語部分中，過去分詞短語presented by the American Psychiatric Association作主語data的后置定語;謂語動(dòng)詞revealed后面跟了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;在賓語從句中，what引導(dǎo)了從句作介詞of的賓語，而介詞賓語從句中又包括了who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾先行詞psychiatrists，只不過被動(dòng)詞do隔開了;另外，that賓語從句中的主語后面有現(xiàn)在分詞短語engaging solely in psycho_therapeutic interventions作后置定語。句中還有幾個(gè)同根詞psychiatric(形容詞，心理的，精神的)，psychiatrist(名詞，心理醫(yī)生，精神病醫(yī)生)，psycho_是詞綴心理的。

參考譯文美國精神病學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)呈交的數(shù)據(jù)資料顯示，只采用心理治療術(shù)的精神病醫(yī)師的收入大約為結(jié)合藥物療法評估和治療患者的精神病醫(yī)師的收入的三分之一。

經(jīng)典例題174 Whatever some psychologists may perceive as a therapeutic drawback because they are unable to offer prescriptions for psychotropic medications apparently is not recognized by the general public.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Whatever some psychologists may perceive as…because…。is not…。關(guān)系代詞whatever引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)主語從句，而在主語從句中，又包括because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句;句中難點(diǎn)還有they are unable to offer prescriptions for psychotropic medications不能直譯為不能夠?yàn)榫耦愃幬锾峁┨幏?，而要根?jù)上下文譯成對作用于精神類藥物無處方權(quán)。

參考譯文由于心理醫(yī)生對作用于精神類藥物無處方權(quán)，他們可能察覺到這是治療上的一個(gè)困難，很明顯，這一點(diǎn)并非被公眾所認(rèn)可。

經(jīng)典例題175 I went away from the symposium(專題討論會(huì))with a strong conviction，more intuitive than rational，that human experimental psychology，theoretical linguistics and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of larger whole，and that the future world see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是I went away…with a strong conviction…，that…，and that…。句中conviction后跟了兩個(gè)并列的同位語從句：A.that human experimental psychology，theoretical linguistics and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of larger whole;B.and that the future world see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns，并且被conviction的后置定語more intuitive than rational隔開，這里后置定語more intuitive than rational譯成直覺多于理性的或者與其說是理性的倒不如說是更為直覺的;在第二個(gè)同位語從句中，their指代上一個(gè)同位語從句中的human experimental psychology，theoretical linguistics and computer simulation of cognitive processes;shared concerns是指共同的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。

參考譯文專題討論會(huì)后，我確立了一種與其說是理性的，倒不如說是更為直覺的信念：人類的實(shí)驗(yàn)心理學(xué)、理論語言學(xué)和認(rèn)知過程的計(jì)算機(jī)模擬都是較大整體的組成部分;未來世界將會(huì)看到，它們共同關(guān)注的問題會(huì)進(jìn)一步得到闡釋和相互協(xié)調(diào)。

經(jīng)典例題176 Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable：public policy must continually be made，and policymakers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision_making than no findings and no theories at all.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Yet this rush…is…：public policy must…，and policymakers…feel that…。Yet this rush…is…是個(gè)簡單句，冒號(hào)之后的兩個(gè)并列句是對它的解釋;在第二個(gè)并列分句中，動(dòng)詞feel后面跟了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。詞組this rush into practical applications中的rush不能譯成它的本意沖進(jìn)，而要根據(jù)上下文轉(zhuǎn)譯成過多運(yùn)用。

參考譯文這種過多運(yùn)用社會(huì)科學(xué)的做法也是情有可原的：由于需要不斷制定政策，政策制定者認(rèn)為，在制定政策的過程中，不成熟的理論和未經(jīng)檢驗(yàn)的理論要比沒有理論好。

經(jīng)典例題177 There are now31million kids in the12_to_19age group，and demographers(人口學(xué)家)predict that there will be35million teens by2010，a population bigger than even the baby boom at its peak.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是There are…kids…，and demographers predict that…。這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，在第二個(gè)并列分句中，謂語動(dòng)詞predict后面跟了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句;在that賓語從句中，a population bigger than even the baby boom at its peak是35million teens的同位語。

參考譯文12歲至19歲年齡組的孩子目前有3100萬，人口學(xué)家預(yù)測，到2010年他們將達(dá)到3500萬，比二戰(zhàn)后生育高峰期出生的孩子還多。

經(jīng)典例題178 If I ever contribute to the socialist movement，the book I sometimes dream of;I know what I shall name it：Industrial Blindness and Socialist Deafness.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是If I…，the book…;I know what I shall name it…。這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)分句由冒號(hào)連接;第一個(gè)分句的主句是I sometimes dreamed of the book，the book前置，if引導(dǎo)了條件從句;第二個(gè)分句中，what引導(dǎo)賓語從句作動(dòng)詞know的賓語，冒號(hào)之后的成分是it的同位語。

參考譯文如果要對社會(huì)主義運(yùn)動(dòng)做貢獻(xiàn)，我有時(shí)夢想寫一本書，我知道我將給這本書起什么名字，就叫《工業(yè)的瞎子和社會(huì)主義的聾子》。

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The extent of…is a…matter，but it is worth noting that…。這是一個(gè)并列復(fù)合句，兩個(gè)分句由but連接。在前一個(gè)分句中，that increase指的是increase in life expectancy，不可簡單地譯為增加，而要譯成人的預(yù)期壽命的增加;在后面的分句中，it is worth doing…是值得做…，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作分詞noting的賓語，the fastest_growing segment of the population是the very old的補(bǔ)語。

參考譯文人的預(yù)期壽命的增加是一個(gè)非常具有推測性的問題，但值得注意的是，醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)已經(jīng)幫助非常老的人(目前規(guī)定為超過85歲的人)成為人口增長最快的部分。

經(jīng)典例題180 Even though wealth has grown greatly in the United States，there is much concern that its distribution has become increasingly uneven，with the rich getting a great deal richer，while others are being left behind—if true，it is an unhealthy situation breeding social unrest.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Even though wealth has grown…there is much concern that…distribution has become uneven，with…。主句是there is much concern that…，that引導(dǎo)了同位語從句作concern的同位語，在此同位語從句中，介詞結(jié)構(gòu)with…，while…中包括了while連接的并列分句，while表示對比，相當(dāng)于whereas，譯成而;破折號(hào)之后是總結(jié)句，這里的if true是省略句，完整的句子為if it is true.

參考譯文雖然美國的財(cái)富大大增長，但是有許多人擔(dān)心美國的財(cái)富分配已變得越來越不均衡，富人變得更富，而其他人則落在后面———這種情況如果屬實(shí)，這將是一種不健康的局面，孕育著社會(huì)動(dòng)亂。經(jīng)典例題181It seemed almost unbelievable but what appeared to be happening was that the fault was actually being lubricated(潤滑)by the injection of the fluid.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是It seemed…but what…。was that…。句子由but連接的兩個(gè)并列分句構(gòu)成：A.It seemed almost unbelievable;B.what appeared to be happening was that…;在第二個(gè)分句中，what引導(dǎo)了主語從句擔(dān)任主語，that引導(dǎo)了表語從句。這里injection不能譯成注射，根據(jù)上下文要譯成注入。

參考譯文地球內(nèi)的斷層正在被人們注入的液體所潤滑，這幾乎是難以令人相信的，但是這確實(shí)正在發(fā)生。

經(jīng)典例題182 It is scarcely surprising，then，that education systems have for several decades past been severely criticized，partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是It is…surprising…that education system have……been…criticized，…on the ground that…。這是典型的句型It+is+adj.+that clause.It是形式主語，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的主語從句，而主語從句又包含了that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句that education prepares people to live in an already outdated society作介詞詞組on the ground中g(shù)round的同位語，ground這里的意思是根據(jù)。參考譯文那么教育體制在過去幾十年中受到嚴(yán)厲的批評，就不那么令人感到驚訝了，批評者的部分根據(jù)是，這種教育培養(yǎng)人們在一種已過時(shí)的社會(huì)中生存。

經(jīng)典例題183 There are strong grounds for thinking that the health of both individuals and societies derives from what we‘re able to put into life，rather than what we try to get out of it.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是There are…grounds for thinking that the health…derives from what…，rather than what…。介詞結(jié)構(gòu)for thinking…中包含了that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作分詞thinking的賓語;而這個(gè)賓語從句中又包含了兩個(gè)并列的介詞賓語從句：A.what we‘re able to put into life，B.what we try to get out of it，兩個(gè)賓語從句由rather than連接。

參考譯文至于個(gè)人和社會(huì)的健康可以以這樣的理由來衡量，我們對生活能夠付出多少而不是我們能向生活取得多少。

經(jīng)典例題184 Indeed，cynical drought_relief workers are known to be placing bets as to whether the1 st nation in the world to become literally uninhabitable because of ecological catastrophe will be Mali(馬里)or Mauritania(毛里塔尼亞)。

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Indeed，cynical drought_relief workers are known to be placing bet as to whether the first nation will be…or…。句子中包含了一個(gè)whether引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句作介詞詞組as to的賓語。參考譯文其實(shí)，據(jù)說愛冷嘲熱諷的減災(zāi)人員正在打賭，他們賭的是世界上第一個(gè)由于生態(tài)破壞而造成的無人居住的國家究竟是馬里還是毛里塔尼亞。

經(jīng)典例題185 It therefore becomes more and more important that，if students are not to waste their opportunities，there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是It…becomes…that，if…，there will have to be…。it是形式主語，that引導(dǎo)的主語從句是句子的真正主語，在that從句中，if引導(dǎo)了條件狀語從句。

參考譯文因此，如果要使學(xué)生充分利用他們(上大學(xué))的機(jī)會(huì)，就得為他們提供大量關(guān)于課程的更為詳盡的信息，做更多的指導(dǎo)。這個(gè)問題顯得越來越重要了。

經(jīng)典例題186 Experts are debating whether we should burden young children with mental computation，or encourage the use of calculators to relieve children of hard work and free their minds to understand math concepts.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Experts are debating whether we should…，or encourage…。句子的主句部分是Experts are debating…，而whether…or…引導(dǎo)了賓語從句作謂語動(dòng)詞are debating的賓語。其中burden…with…是使…背上負(fù)擔(dān)之意;在后半句or encourage the use of calculators to relieve children of hard work and free their minds to understand math concepts中，兩個(gè)并列的不定式短語to relieve…of…和to free…to understand…作目的狀語，另外，詞組relieve somebody of something指減輕…。

參考譯文我們應(yīng)該用心算來增加孩子們的負(fù)擔(dān)，還是應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)他們使用計(jì)算器來減輕其繁重的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)，使他們不再費(fèi)神去理解(抽象的)數(shù)學(xué)概念，專家們對此尚未達(dá)成一致。

經(jīng)典例題187 The announcement by Boeing that it has decided to scrap plans to build a futuristic，high_speed plane called the Sonic Cruiser brings an end to one of the most imaginative—and some say quixotic—projects in recent aerospace engineering.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是The announcement…that it has decided…brings an end to…。主語the announcement后面跟了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，在that從句中，動(dòng)詞不定式短語to build…called the Sonic Cruiser作plan的后置定語，而不定式短語中的過去分詞短語called the Sonic Cruiser作plane的后置定語;破折號(hào)之后的and some say是插入語。

參考譯文波音公司宣布放棄修建一種名叫音速游艇的新潮、高速飛機(jī)的計(jì)劃，這一決定使近年來航空工程中最富想像力———還有人稱純屬空想的計(jì)劃落了空。

經(jīng)典例題188 If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction，and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment，they would not be so hurt，and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是If parents were…，and realized that…，they would not…and…。句子的主句是they would not be so hurt，and therefore would not…，里面有兩個(gè)并列的謂語would not be和would not drive，在第二個(gè)謂語詞組中，有介詞詞組by resenting and by resisting it，it指代前文中的this adolescent reaction;在if引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，仍然有兩個(gè)并列的謂語部分were prepared for…and realized that…，在第二個(gè)謂語部分中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作realized的賓語，that賓語從句中又包含了that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句that the child was growing up…and independent judgment作a sign的同位語。

參考譯文如果做父母的對這種青少年的反應(yīng)有所準(zhǔn)備，而且認(rèn)為這是一個(gè)顯示出孩子正在成長、正在發(fā)展珍貴的觀察力和獨(dú)立的判斷力的標(biāo)志，他們就不會(huì)感到如此傷心，所以也就不會(huì)因?qū)Υ擞袘嵑藓头磳Φ那榫w而把孩子推到對立面去。

經(jīng)典例題189 Taking his cue from Ibsen‘s A Doll’s House，in which the heroine，Nora，leaves home because she resents her husband‘s treating her like a child，the writer Luxun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Taking…，the writer Luxun warned that…。句子開頭現(xiàn)在分詞短語taking his cue from…like a child作狀語，在此短語中，in which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句修飾先行詞Ibsen‘s A Doll’s House，而非限制性定語從句中又包含了because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句;主語部分中，that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作動(dòng)詞warned的賓語，賓語從句中有兩個(gè)并列分句由分號(hào)隔開。

參考譯文易卜生的劇作《玩偶之家》中的女主人公娜拉離家出走，因?yàn)樗鲪核恼煞蛳駥Υ⒆右粯觼韺Υ?。作家魯迅從中得到啟示，從而告誡人們娜拉需要錢來養(yǎng)活自己，她要生存就必須有經(jīng)濟(jì)上的權(quán)利。

經(jīng)典例題190 A religious sect that contends that space travelers created the human race by cloning themselves declared Friday that the first cloned human had been born，but it offered few details and no evidence to support the claim.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是A religious sect…declared…that…，but it offered…。這個(gè)句子中，由but連接了兩個(gè)并列分句。在前一個(gè)分句中，由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句that contends that…by cloning themselves修飾先行詞a religious sect，而定語從句中又包含了that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作動(dòng)詞contends的賓語。參考譯文一個(gè)宣稱人類是由外星人克隆而成的邪教組織于星期五宣布第一個(gè)克隆人已出生，但它沒有談及過多細(xì)節(jié)，也沒有提供任何證據(jù)。

經(jīng)典例題191 Former Vice President Gore‘s announcement that he will not run for the White House in2004transforms the Democratic nomination contest from a referendum on the last nominee into a wide_open fight for the right to challenge President George W.Bush.

結(jié)構(gòu)分析：句子的框架是Former Vice President Gore‘s announcement…transforms…from…into…。主語部分中that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句作announcement的同位語，詞組transform something from…into…是把…轉(zhuǎn)變成…之意。

參考譯文前副總統(tǒng)戈?duì)栃妓粎⒓?004年的白宮競選之后，民主黨的提名競選從對最終提名者的民意調(diào)查轉(zhuǎn)向了一場大爭斗，各方人士紛紛爭奪挑戰(zhàn)布什總統(tǒng)的競選權(quán)。

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（責(zé)任編輯：rhj）

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