An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside. Avalanches are 1 the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.

All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope 2 supports it. Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is 3 an avalanche, 4 a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.

Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low 5 of avalanche. Snow does not 6 significantly on steep slopes; also, snow does not 7 easily on fiat slopes. Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest1 is 8 35 and 45 degrees; the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is 38 degrees. The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is 9 enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle. Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with 10 ; that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.

Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe. Good avalanche safety is a continuous 11 , including route selection and examination to the snowpack, weather 12 , and human factors. Several well-known good habits can also 13 the risk. If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid 14 to. Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations; snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made. Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are 15 or damaged. Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.詞匯： avalanche / 5AvE7lB:nF/ n.雪崩 terrain / 5terein / n. 地形，地勢(shì) trigger /5tri^E / v. 引起，激發(fā) ski / ski: /v.滑雪 snowpack / `snEJpAk / n.積雪場(chǎng) steep /sti:p/ adj.險(xiǎn)峻的，陡峭的 incidence / 5insidEns / n.發(fā)生(率) complexity /kEm5pleksiti /n. 復(fù)雜性注釋:

1.angle of rest：這里指積雪保持靜止的角度。

2.rule of.thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle，based on experience or practice rather that theory”，即“通用法則，經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則 ”。

3.Additionally：是一個(gè)副詞，用來(lái)引人新的事實(shí)或論點(diǎn)，意為 “此外”。

4.backcountry：人煙稀少的地區(qū)。

練習(xí):

1. A among B of C to D in

2. A when B that C who D whose

3. A mostly B likely C clearly D surely

4. A are B will be C is D was

5. A weight B form C risk D work

6. A fall B flow C roll D gather

7. A fall B flow C roll D gather

8. A among B between C with D for

9. A thick B thin C flat D rocky

10. A use B time C snow D rain

11. A journey B trip C fact D process

12. A conditions B reports C forecast D event

13. A increase B reduce C improve D remove

14. A price B effort C attention D money

15. A missing B grown C big D fresh

答案與題解：

1.A表達(dá)“雪崩是山上可能發(fā)生的昀大危險(xiǎn)之一 ”的意思，因此應(yīng)該選擇 among(在……之中)。

2.B從該句的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)上來(lái)看，此處需要一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞，代替 slope，所以 that是昀佳選擇。選項(xiàng) A、C、D均不符合語(yǔ)法。

3.B選項(xiàng) A不符合語(yǔ)法， C和 D符合語(yǔ)法，但不符合常識(shí)：過(guò)度的雪的積壓可能導(dǎo)致雪崩，而不是必定導(dǎo)致雪崩。所以， B是昀佳答案。

4.C該句的主語(yǔ)是 Determining the critical load，從上下文來(lái)看應(yīng)該使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，所以 C是正確答案。

5.C要確定本題答案的一個(gè)有效的方法是排除法。 a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合邏輯，只有 a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解釋了 low risk of avalanche的道理，更證實(shí)了選 risk是正確的。

6.D第 6和第 7題可以一起考慮。整個(gè)句子的意思是：在坡度大的坡上，雪不會(huì)大量堆積。在較為平坦的坡面，雪不會(huì)輕易滑動(dòng)。

7.B(見 6)

8.B理解了句子的意思就不難判斷選項(xiàng)：雪在靜止?fàn)顟B(tài)下，角度在 35～45度之間，昀可能發(fā)生人為觸發(fā)的雪崩。between：在……之間。

9.C這個(gè)句子說(shuō)明的是什么樣的山坡昀易發(fā)生雪崩，即，A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此做 “平坦”解，與后面的 steep形成反義。

10.A句中的 that is表明，后半部分是對(duì)前半部分的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。所以，這里的選擇要根據(jù)下文的意思判斷。

use是昀佳選擇，整個(gè)句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用的越多，雪崩就越可能發(fā)生。

11.D盡管選項(xiàng) A、B和 D都能和 continuous搭配，從全段的內(nèi)容判斷，只有 process是昀佳選擇，因?yàn)樵摱蚊鑼懙氖侨绾畏纻溲┍?，及如何做好安全措施等一系列?wèn)題。

12.A選項(xiàng) A、B、C都可以與 weather搭配，但是根據(jù)上下文，只有 A昀為符合文章的內(nèi)容。

13.B選項(xiàng) A不符合句子的意思; C不能和 risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因?yàn)椴豢赡芡耆┍赖碾[患。

14.C該句主句使用的是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞是 pay attention to的被動(dòng)形式。選項(xiàng) A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。

15.A該句是作者給出的一系列忠告之一，即，認(rèn)真觀察地形，注意明顯的雪崩路徑，沒(méi)有植物或植物被毀壞的地方。選項(xiàng) B、C、D均不符合句義。

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