二十四篇 Preventing Child Maltreatment(B級)

Child maltreatment is a global problem with serious life-long consequences. There are no reliable global estimates for the prevalence of child maltreatment. Data for many countries, especially low- and middle-income countries, are lacking.

Child maltreatment is complex and difficult to study. Current estimates vary widely depending on the country and the method of research used. Nonetheless, international studies reveal that approximately 20% of women and 5'10% of men report being Sexually abused as children, while25-50% of all children report being physically abused. Additionally, many children are subject to1 emotional abuse (sometimes referred to as2 psychological abuse).

Every year, there are an estimated 31,000 homicide deaths in children under 15. This number underestimates the true extent of the problem, as a significant proportion of deaths due to child maltreatment are incorrectly attributed to3 falls, burns and drowning.

Child maltreatment causes suffering to children and families and can have long-term consequences. Maltreatment causes stress that is associated with disruption in early brain development. Extreme stress can impair the development of the nervous and immune systems. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behaveioural, physical and mental health problems. Via the behavioural and mental health consequences, maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections.4

Beyond the health consequences of child maltreatment, there is an economic impact, including costs of hospitalizeation, mental health treatment, child welfare, and longer-term health costs.

A number of risk factors for child maltreatment have been identified. These risk factors are not present in all social and cultural contexts, but provide an overview when attempting to understand the causes of child maltreatment.

It is important to emphasize that children are the victims and are never to blame for5 maltreatment. A number of characteristics of an individual child may increase the likelihood of being maltreated, such as being either under four years old or an adolescent, being unwanted, or failing to fulfil the expectations of parents and having special needs, crying persistently or having abnormal physical features.6

練習(xí)：

1. The difficult situation in the global estimates of the child maltreatment is due to the following factors EXCEPT _____ according to the passage. 根據(jù)短文，________不是造成評估全球兒童虐待蔓延程度的原因。

A child maltreatment is a global problem虐待兒童是一個全球性問題。

B there is no exact data about low- and mid-income countries關(guān)于中低等收入的家庭沒有數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計。

C there is a shortage of the professional data collectors由于缺乏一些低收入國家的精確數(shù)據(jù)。(正確答案)

D different scientists use different research methods不同的科學(xué)家使用不同的研究方法。

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? 根據(jù)短文，________是正確的。

A 20% of women got sexually abused in their childhood.20%的女性在她們孩童時代遭受到性別歧視的虐待。

B 25-50% of all children were reported to have been physically abused. 有25% 到50%的兒童曾經(jīng)受到身體上的虐待。(正確答案)

C 25-50% of children were psychologically abused. 有25% 到50%的兒童遭受過心理虐待。

D 60-75% of children were neglected by their parents.有60%到75%的兒童被他們的父母所忽視。

3. Many homicide deaths in children under 15 are wrongly categorized into the following types EXCEPT ____ according to the passage. 很多15歲以下兒童遭到謀殺都被錯誤的歸類于以下類型，除了______一項不是。

A drowning in swimming游泳溺水

B diarrhea痢疾(正確答案)

C bums燒死

D falls摔落

4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? 兒童遭到虐待造成的糟糕影響沒有提到________。

A The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up. 當(dāng)他長大以后，他會因為他童年的記憶而表現(xiàn)很糟糕。(正確答案)

B Child maltreatment hurts his nervous and immune systems.兒童受虐傷害了他們的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和免疫系統(tǒng)。

C Child maltreatment damages his early brain development.兒童受虐影響了他的早期的大腦發(fā)育。

D The child is easily affected by many diseases in his adulthood.孩子在成年后很容易得病。

4-4 Which of the following is NOT mentioned as the bad impact caused by child maltreatment? 兒童遭到虐待造成的糟糕影響沒有提到________。

A. Maltreatment causes stress虐待引起的壓力

B. Consequently, as adults, maltreated children are at increased risk for behaveioural, physical and mental health problems成人以后行為、生理和心理方面的出現(xiàn)疾病的危險性大大增加

C. maltreatment can contribute to heart disease, cancer, suicide and sexually transmitted infections虐待能導(dǎo)致心臟病、癌癥、自殺以及性傳播疾病

D. The child will behave badly in his memory of his childhood when he grows up當(dāng)他長大以后，他會因為他童年的記憶而表現(xiàn)很糟糕

5. The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________________ according to the passage. 兒童遭到虐待經(jīng)常要具備一些特征，除了_________這一項。

A they frequently and easily cry他們經(jīng)常哭泣而且很容易就哭。

B they are in infant's or in adolescent period他們在嬰兒時期或者在青春期。

C they are often neglected by their parents or friends他們經(jīng)常被他們的父母和朋友忽視。

D they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parent.他們經(jīng)常會盡力滿足父母的要求(正確答案)

5-5 The maltreated children often bear all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________________ according to the passage. 兒童遭到虐待經(jīng)常要具備一些特征，除了_________這一項。

A.They having special needs他們總有特殊需求

B.They having abnormal physical features他們身體總有異常

C. they are often neglected by their parents or friends他們經(jīng)常被他們的父母和朋友忽視

D. they often try their best to meet the requirements from their parent. 他們經(jīng)常會盡力滿足父母的要求

6. How many types of child maltreatment are mentioned in the passage? 在這篇文章中提出了幾種兒童虐待?

A.Physicial maltreatment肉體虐待

B.Psychological Treatment心理虐待(情感虐待)

C.Secually abused性虐待

D.All of the above以上都對

7. Why does this number”31000”underestimate the true extent of child maltreatment? 為什么31000這個數(shù)字不能真正的反映出兒童虐待這個問題的嚴(yán)重程度?

A.this number is deceptive/not true這個數(shù)字具有欺騙性或不準(zhǔn)確

B.Falls,burnsand drowning related to maltreatment are not included in this number與兒童虐待有關(guān)的摔死、燒死、淹死沒有包括在這個數(shù)字中

C.diarrhea is not included in the number痢疾致死沒有包括在這個數(shù)字中

D.Both A and B A和B都對

8. How many aspacts are included in the economical consequences due to child maltreatment? 兒童虐待所造成的經(jīng)濟損失包括哪些方面?

A.costs of hospitalization and mental health treatment住院費用和心理治療費用

B.Child welfare and longer-term health costs兒童福利和長期的醫(yī)療費用

C.tuition fee學(xué)費

D.Both A and B A和B都對