“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage(“液化”是日本地震破壞的關(guān)鍵)

The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil "liquefaction"2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.

一份分析報(bào)告表明，在日本，巨大的俯沖帶地震致使土壤液化的程度之嚴(yán)重，范圍之廣令研究者們著實(shí)吃了一驚。

"We've seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe," said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. "Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments," Ashford said. "The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet."

“我們以前也看到過(guò)這么嚴(yán)重的小范圍的土壤液化現(xiàn)象，但是，日本的破壞程度范圍之廣是極為嚴(yán)重的。所有結(jié)構(gòu)都傾斜了并陷到沉淀物中，土壤中的斷層摧毀了自來(lái)水管、排水和煤氣管道，社區(qū)的公共和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施陷于癱瘓。我們看到有些地區(qū)下陷了四英尺”。來(lái)自俄勒岡州立大學(xué)巖土工程系的Scott Ashford說(shuō)到。

Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. It's a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 .

幾乎任何大地震都會(huì)帶來(lái)某種程度的土壤液化。這種現(xiàn)象是由于地震中浸滿了水的土壤，尤其剛沉淀下來(lái)的沉淀物或細(xì)砂土在振動(dòng)作用下突然失去支撐的力量而呈現(xiàn)液態(tài)變化。從而導(dǎo)致地面建筑物移動(dòng)、下沉或倒塌。

But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.

“然而，多數(shù)地震比起最近日本發(fā)生的地震持續(xù)時(shí)間都短的多”。Ashford說(shuō)道。日本發(fā)生的地震持續(xù)了五分鐘，這就促使研究者們重新審視類似這次(持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的)地震中液化可能造成的毀壞規(guī)模。

"With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes," he said. "And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable."

“由于地震持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)，我們看到以前的地震持續(xù)30秒時(shí)地面建筑物仍舊完好無(wú)損，如果震動(dòng)再延續(xù)幾分鐘，建筑物就會(huì)繼續(xù)下沉或傾斜，很明顯，那些建造在新近填就的地面上的建筑物最易受到傷害。”Ashford講到。

The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.

研究者們對(duì)日本地震作出了分析并得出數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)能大大提高人們了解土壤浸水后的這類現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對(duì)付未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的同類現(xiàn)象。Ashford認(rèn)為，重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就被破壞了。所以科學(xué)家必須要趕在重建工作開始之前收集好地震資料。

"There's no doubt that we'll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 ," Ashford said. "Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns."

“毋庸置疑，我們從日本地震中學(xué)到的東西有助于在將來(lái)類似的情況中降低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。一些地方的建筑物會(huì)更多應(yīng)用液化減少技術(shù)，如加強(qiáng)土壤的夯實(shí)或用石柱加固”。Ashford說(shuō)。

Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction ---on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The "young" sediments, in geologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.

Ashford指出，北加利福尼亞州那些沿岸的、距離河口堆積物較近或填充的土壤易于受到液化的侵害。“年輕”的沉淀物這個(gè)詞在地質(zhì)學(xué)中是指那些年代少于或略超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年的沉淀物。比如，在俄勒岡州，它指的是Portland市區(qū)的大部分地區(qū)、Portland國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)和其他城市。

Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse ---even as they tilted and sank into the ground.

凡是在河流和泛濫平原附近地區(qū)的土壤很有可能是危險(xiǎn)的。俄勒岡交通部斷定，該州的1100座橋梁如發(fā)生地震會(huì)有危險(xiǎn)。只有不到15%的橋梁得到了加固以防坍塌。日本在3月11日的地震中損失慘重，但是震區(qū)的建筑物傾斜、下沉，卻沒(méi)有倒塌，日本的建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)功不可沒(méi)。

詞匯：

subduction /s?b'd?k??n/ n.俯沖

sediment /'sedim?nt/ n.沉積;沉淀物

liquefaction /likwi'f?k??n/ n.液化

infrastructure /'Infr?,str?kt??/ n.基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

geotecnical /d?i?u'teknik?l] adj.巖土技術(shù)

compaction /k?m'p?k??n/ n.壓緊的

vulnerable /'v?ln?r?bl/ ad].易受傷害的

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