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被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，即行為的對(duì)象。

被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成是由助動(dòng)詞be加上及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞。be的人稱和數(shù)要和句中主語(yǔ)一致，并表現(xiàn)出時(shí)態(tài)特征。

凡是不愿或不必說出主動(dòng)者時(shí)，使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。此外，在強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作對(duì)象時(shí)，常使用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。

現(xiàn)以動(dòng)詞tell為例，將各種人稱數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)列表如下：

1.用法

(1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

A statement of owners' equity is frequently prepared to accompany the balance sheet and income statement. 通常編寫所有者權(quán)益表隨同資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表和收益表。

All our shoes are made by hand. 我廠出品的鞋都是手工制造的。

The article is retailed at a higher price than when it was bought wholesale. 物品的零售價(jià)高于購(gòu)進(jìn)時(shí)的批發(fā)價(jià)。

(2)一般過去時(shí)

She was praised for her economical management of the budget. 她因?qū)︻A(yù)算的管理有方而被表?yè)P(yáng)。

An urgent telephone call was made to the company's treasure. 公司財(cái)務(wù)收到一個(gè)緊急電話。

(3)一般將來時(shí)

Your will be introduced to the office building. 將向您介紹辦公大樓。

Will storekeepers be prosecuted for raising prices without government permission? 店主會(huì)不會(huì)因未得到政府許可提價(jià)而被起訴?

(4)過去將來時(shí)

She told me that her father would be taken to hospital the next morning. 她告訴我第二天早晨她的父親將被送到醫(yī)院去。

(5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

These trade terms have been developed by mercantile custom and standardized to a certain extent. 這些貿(mào)易條款是在商業(yè)慣例中形成并在一定程度上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化了的。

The consumers should unlearn the propoganda with which they have been fed by the advertizers. 消費(fèi)者應(yīng)當(dāng)摒棄廣告商所作的廣泛的宣傳。

(6)過去完成時(shí)

They told him that the meeting had been cancelled. 他們告訴他會(huì)議已被取消。

(7)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

In some developed countries， children are being taught by computers. 在一些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，孩子們的課程是用計(jì)算機(jī)講授的。

Computers are being used to predict the weather. 計(jì)算機(jī)正被用來預(yù)測(cè)天氣。

(8)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

The conversation was being recorded. 那時(shí)在對(duì)那次談話進(jìn)行錄音。

The street was being widened. 街道那時(shí)在加寬。

The problem was being studied. 那時(shí)在研究這個(gè)問題。

(9)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

We allowed them a commission of 5 per cent. 我們給他們5%的手續(xù)費(fèi)。

① They were allowed a commission of 5 per cent.

② A commission of 5 per cent was allowed them by us.

We shall give Mr. John a warm welcome. 我們將熱烈歡迎約翰先生。

① Mr. John will be given a warm welcome.

② A warm welcome will be given to Mr. John.

(10)動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)

A new study plan (work plan) has to be made. 必須制定一個(gè)新的學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃(工作計(jì)劃)。

He will have to be tried for murder. 他因犯殺人罪將要受到審判。

The project is (going) to be completed in October. 這項(xiàng)工程將在十月份完工。

2.在英語(yǔ)中，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用于下列場(chǎng)合：

(1)當(dāng)我們不知道或者沒有必要說明誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)(這時(shí)都不用由by引起的短語(yǔ))

My watch has been stolen. 我的表已被偷了。(不知道誰(shuí)偷的)

On Saturday night， on her way home from work， she was robbed. 星期六晚上，在下班回家的路上，她被搶了。

(2)當(dāng)我們要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)

Qu Yuan is also remembered on this day. 也在這一天紀(jì)念屈原。

He will never be forgotten. 永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記他。

(3)當(dāng)出于禮貌，措詞等方面的考慮不愿說出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，例如：

You are requested to give a performance. 請(qǐng)你表演一個(gè)節(jié)目。

3.主動(dòng)句表示被動(dòng)含義

(1)及物動(dòng)詞need， want， require， deserve， bear等之后用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。

This issue requires dealing with great care. 該問題需仔細(xì)研究。

The new instruments want very careful handling. 這些新儀器必須輕拿輕放。

(2)動(dòng)詞find+名詞含有被動(dòng)意義，這時(shí)主語(yǔ)多為非生物。如：

Electronics finds its application in navigation. 電子學(xué)在航海上得到應(yīng)用。

(3)在有些性質(zhì)形容詞后用動(dòng)詞不定式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

Atom is too small to see. 原子小得看不見。

The question is easy to answer. 這個(gè)問題很容易回答。

(4)在形容詞worth之后，用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

This book is worth reading. 這本書值得一讀。

Three points are worth quoting for our purpose. 就我們的目的而言，有三點(diǎn)值得引證。

(5) get+過去分詞表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

This question got talked about a little. 該問題曾略加議論過。

(6)有些介詞短語(yǔ)作表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示被動(dòng)意義。如：

The question is under discussion. 問題正在討論。

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